Follicular Cysts with Trabeculae in Cattle: Diagnosis, Impact, and Reproductive Management

Ovarian cysts are among the most common causes of infertility in cattle. A specific and often underdiagnosed type is the follicular cyst with trabeculae, which requires transrectal ultrasonography for accurate detection.

These cysts directly affect herd reproductive efficiency by causing anestrus, irregular cycles, failed inseminations, and extended calving intervals — all of which result in significant economic losses for both beef and dairy operations.

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What Are Follicular Cysts with Trabeculae?

Follicular cysts are defined as fluid-filled ovarian structures over 2.5 cm in diameter that persist for more than 10 days without ovulation and without the presence of a functional corpus luteum.

When internal walls or partitions form inside these cysts, they are classified as follicular cysts with trabeculae. On ultrasound, they appear as anechoic cavities with fine echogenic lines creating compartments within the cyst.

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Causes and Contributing Factors

These cysts are caused by a dysfunction in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, typically due to:

• Abnormal luteinizing hormone (LH) release

• Negative energy balance postpartum

• Poor body condition (too low or too high)

• Genetic predisposition

• Improper management during early postpartum or synchronization protocols

The trabeculae themselves are not the cause, but a morphological evolution of the cyst, often making it more resistant to treatment.

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How Are They Diagnosed?

The only reliable way to diagnose this type of cyst is through transrectal ultrasonography, ideally with 7.5 MHz probes for high-resolution imaging.

Typical ultrasound findings:

• Circular structure over 25 mm

• Thin external wall

• Anechoic internal fluid

• Fine internal echogenic lines (trabeculae), single or multiple

⚠️ Rectal palpation cannot detect trabeculae, which makes it easy to confuse these cysts with functional follicles or simple cysts.

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Reproductive Impact

Follicular cysts with trabeculae are often persistent and less responsive to standard hormonal treatments, especially if misdiagnosed.

📉 Effects on herd fertility:

• Prolonged anestrus

• Increased days open

• Failed AI attempts

• Higher costs in synchronization programs

• Lower pregnancy rates in timed AI protocols

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Treatment Options

Treatment should be based on accurate ultrasound diagnosis. Recommended protocols include:

• GnRH (e.g., Buserelin, Lecirelin) to induce luteinization

• PGF2α 7–9 days later if a corpus luteum develops

• In stubborn cases: progesterone-based resynchronization protocols (intravaginal devices + estradiol)

• Recheck via ultrasound after 10 days to assess treatment success

🧪 Follow-up is key: shrinking cyst, CL formation, or full resolution are signs of progress.

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Can They Be Prevented?

Yes — prevention depends on proper postpartum and metabolic management:

✅ Balanced energy intake during transition
✅ Body condition scoring at calving and before breeding
✅ Proper execution of synchronization programs
✅ Early ultrasound monitoring, especially in high-value cows

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Conclusion

Follicular cysts with trabeculae are a reproductive challenge that require specific identification and treatment. Ultrasonography is essential for distinguishing these cysts from others and avoiding ineffective or costly protocols.

At BovinosVirtual, we teach our students how to detect, interpret, and manage these conditions in real animals — not with simulators — through hands-on courses in ultrasound, palpation, and reproductive protocols.

Abortion in cattle is a significant issue in livestock production, with considerable economic and reproductive impacts. Various factors can trigger pregnancy loss, including infectious agents, nutritional deficiencies, inadequate management, and adverse environmental conditions (Peter, 2013). Among these, nutrition plays a fundamental role in preventing abortions and ensuring fetal viability. This article explores the main causes of abortion and how a balanced diet can help reduce this issue.

Main Causes of Abortion in Cattle

Abortions can be classified into infectious and non-infectious causes:

1. Infectious Causes

Infectious diseases are among the leading causes of abortions in cattle and are often associated with pathogens that affect the placenta and fetus (Grooms, 2006). Some of the most relevant agents include:

• Bovine Brucellosis (Brucella abortus): A zoonotic disease that causes abortions in the last third of pregnancy. It is mainly transmitted through contaminated reproductive secretions (Poester et al., 2013).
• Leptospirosis (Leptospira spp.): Causes abortions at any stage of pregnancy and spreads through water and soil contaminated with infected urine (Ellis, 2015).
• Neosporosis (Neospora caninum): A protozoan transmitted by dogs that infects cattle placentas, causing recurrent abortions, usually in the second trimester of pregnancy (Dubey et al., 2007).
• Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) and Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR): Viruses that affect the placenta, leading to early embryonic loss, late-term abortions, or weak newborns (Grooms, 2006).

2. Non-Infectious Causes

• Nutritional deficiencies: Poor nutrition compromises embryo viability and pregnancy maintenance (Diskin & Morris, 2008).
• Heat stress: Prolonged exposure to high temperatures reduces progesterone levels, affecting embryo retention (Hansen, 2007).
• Toxins and abortifacient plants: Consuming contaminated forages with mycotoxins, such as Claviceps purpurea (ergotism), is linked to cattle abortions (Richard, 2007).

The Role of Nutrition in Abortion Prevention

Proper nutrition during pregnancy is crucial for fetal development, placental integrity, and abortion prevention. A well-balanced intake of energy, proteins, minerals, and vitamins is essential for a successful pregnancy.

1. Energy and Protein: A Necessary Balance

Energy deficiency reduces progesterone synthesis, a key hormone for pregnancy maintenance. Studies have shown that cows with an energy deficit in the first 30 days post-insemination have a higher risk of embryonic loss (Butler, 2000). Conversely, excessive energy intake can lead to fat accumulation in the liver, impairing liver function and hormone production (Drackley, 1999).

Regarding protein, inadequate levels can compromise the synthesis of placental growth factors, affecting fetal viability (Green et al., 2012).

2. Essential Minerals

Minerals play key roles in bovine reproduction:

• Calcium (Ca) and Phosphorus (P): Essential for fetal bone development and uterine muscle contractions during labor (Roche et al., 2013).
• Magnesium (Mg): Its deficiency can induce metabolic stress and increase abortion incidence (Suttle, 2010).
• Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), and Selenium (Se): Strengthen the immune system and protect against infection-induced abortions (Harrison et al., 1984).
• Iodine (I): Essential for fetal thyroid function, preventing weak births or abortions (Hostetler et al., 2003).

3. Vitamins: Fetal Viability Regulators

Vitamins play a crucial role in reproduction:

• Vitamin A: Contributes to embryonic and placental development (Pate, 2004).
• Vitamin E and Selenium: Reduce oxidative stress and protect against bacterial infection-related abortions (Weiss et al., 2002).
• Vitamin D: Essential for calcium metabolism, reducing the risk of dystocia and late-term abortions (Littledike & Goff, 1987).

4. Nutritional Management in Pregnant Cows

• Avoid sudden dietary changes, especially in the last third of pregnancy.
• Ensure access to high-quality forages, avoiding contaminants like mycotoxins and fungi.
• Use strategic supplementation during critical periods, such as forage shortages in winter or droughts.
• Guarantee access to clean, uncontaminated water, as dehydration can induce fetal stress.

Reproductive Management and Abortion Prevention

Besides nutrition, implementing appropriate reproductive strategies is essential for preventing abortions:

1. Bull selection and evaluation: Bulls with poor semen quality can increase early embryonic mortality rates (Kastelic, 2013).
2. Well-designed artificial insemination and synchronization protocols: Ensure efficient fertilization and reduce the risk of embryonic loss (Patterson et al., 2004).
3. Use of ultrasound for pregnancy monitoring: Allows early detection of non-viable embryos and facilitates reproductive decisions (Fricke, 2002).
4. Selection and management of embryo recipient cows: Proper nutritional and health status of the recipient improves pregnancy rates (Mapletoft et al., 2003).

Conclusion

Preventing abortions in cattle requires an integrated strategy that includes health management, reproductive planning, and, most importantly, proper nutrition. A balanced diet, combined with disease control and the implementation of good reproductive practices, is key to minimizing pregnancy loss and improving productive efficiency. Investing in adequate nutrition and continuous herd monitoring not only reduces abortion incidence but also enhances livestock profitability.

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References

• Butler, W. R. (2000). Nutritional interactions with reproductive performance in dairy cattle. Animal Reproduction Science, 60-61, 449-457.
• Diskin, M. G., & Morris, D. G. (2008). Embryonic and early fetal losses in cattle and other ruminants. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 43, 260-267.
• Ellis, W. A. (2015). Leptospirosis in livestock. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 387, 99-137.
• Grooms, D. L. (2006). Reproductive losses caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus and leptospirosis. Theriogenology, 66(3), 624-628.
• Hansen, P. J. (2007). Exploiting the effects of heat shock on mammalian embryos to produce superior livestock. Theriogenology, 68(Suppl 1), S242-S249.
• Mapletoft, R. J., Bó, G. A., & Baruselli, P. S. (2003). Control of ovarian function for assisted reproductive technologies in cattle. Animal Reproduction Science, 79(3-4), 173-189.
• Poester, F. P., Samartino, L. E., & Santos, R. L. (2013). Pathogenesis and pathobiology of brucellosis in livestock. Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics), 32(1), 105-115.

Proper nutrition plays a fundamental role in maximizing the reproductive potential of cattle. Whether you manage beef or dairy herds, understanding the connection between diet and reproductive performance is crucial for improving pregnancy rates, herd health, and overall productivity.

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Why Nutrition Matters for Reproductive Success

Cattle require balanced diets to meet the physiological demands of reproduction, such as ovulation, conception, and fetal development. Poor nutritional management can lead to delayed puberty, reduced conception rates, and calving difficulties, resulting in economic losses and inefficiencies in herd operations.

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Key Nutritional Factors Influencing Reproduction

1. Body Condition Score (BCS)

A cow’s body condition score (BCS) is a visual indicator of its energy reserves.

• Underweight cattle: Low BCS can lead to irregular estrous cycles and low fertility.
• Overweight cattle: Excessive body fat may interfere with hormonal balance, decreasing conception rates. Maintaining an ideal BCS (between 5 and 7 on a 9-point scale) supports optimal reproductive performance.

2. Energy and Protein Balance

• Energy: Adequate energy intake ensures cows cycle regularly and produce viable embryos. Energy deficiencies can delay the onset of estrus or cause early embryonic losses.
• Protein: High-quality protein is vital for follicular development and maintaining a healthy uterine environment. However, excess dietary protein may reduce conception rates due to altered uterine pH.

3. Micronutrients and Minerals

Micronutrients play a pivotal role in supporting hormonal function and reproductive health:

• Phosphorus and Calcium: Crucial for skeletal and metabolic functions, these minerals also influence ovulation and fertility.
• Selenium and Vitamin E: Reduce oxidative stress, improving conception rates and fetal health.
• Zinc: Essential for hormone production and maintaining uterine health.

4. Fats and Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Dietary fats, particularly omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, improve energy density in feed and positively influence reproductive performance by enhancing ovulation and early embryo survival.

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Impact of Poor Nutrition on Reproduction

• Delayed puberty in heifers: Insufficient nutrients during development lead to late maturation.
• Anestrus: Nutritional stress can cause cows to stop cycling, reducing herd pregnancy rates.
• Low conception rates: Deficiencies or imbalances in key nutrients lower fertilization and embryo viability.

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Strategies to Improve Nutrition and Reproduction

1. Conduct Regular Nutritional Assessments

Work with a nutritionist to evaluate forage quality and balance rations. This ensures cattle are receiving appropriate levels of energy, protein, and minerals.

2. Use Feed Supplements

Incorporate mineral and vitamin supplements tailored to your herd’s specific reproductive needs, especially during critical periods like breeding and late gestation.

3. Focus on Transition Nutrition

For dairy cows, the transition period (3 weeks before and after calving) is critical. Ensure cows have enough energy and protein to recover from calving stress and return to estrus quickly.

4. Monitor Body Condition

Adjust feeding programs based on body condition scores to prevent underfeeding or overfeeding.

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Benefits of a Nutritionally Optimized Herd

• Higher conception rates: Proper nutrition promotes regular cycling and higher fertility.
• Reduced calving intervals: Well-nourished cows recover faster post-calving and return to estrus sooner.
• Improved calf health: Enhanced fetal development leads to healthier calves with higher survival rates.
• Economic gains: Efficient reproduction reduces costs associated with failed breeding attempts and low herd productivity.

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Conclusion

A strong correlation exists between nutrition and reproductive performance in cattle. By prioritizing balanced diets, monitoring body condition, and addressing specific nutrient needs, you can enhance your herd’s fertility and profitability.

Want to learn more about optimizing cattle reproduction?

Visit Bovinos Virtual to explore expert resources and training programs designed to improve your herd’s performance. Your path to better results starts with informed decisions!

Balanitis in bulls is a disorder that affects the prepuce and glans, causing inflammation and discomfort. This problem can be triggered by a variety of factors, including bacterial, fungal, or viral infections, as well as traumatic injuries or unfavorable environmental conditions. It is crucial for farmers to be attentive to the symptoms and take swift measures to treat this disease and prevent complications.

Causes of Balanitis in Bulls: Balanitis can be caused by bacteria such as Escherichia coli, staphylococci, and streptococci, as well as by fungi such as Candida spp. and viruses such as bovine herpes virus. Additionally, injuries to the genital area due to fights between bulls or other accidents can increase the risk of developing balanitis. Environmental factors such as humidity, dirt, and lack of hygiene can also contribute to its onset.

Symptoms to Watch For: Signs of balanitis in bulls include inflammation, redness, abnormal discharge in the genital area, and difficulty urinating. Affected bulls may exhibit discomfort and behaviors such as rubbing against objects to relieve discomfort. Early detection of these symptoms is crucial for effective treatment.

Treatment and Prevention: Treatment of balanitis in bulls typically involves the use of antibiotics, antifungals, or other medications prescribed by a veterinarian. Additionally, it is important to improve hygiene conditions in the livestock environment and conduct regular checks to detect and treat any signs of balanitis. Maintaining an adequate vaccination program can also help prevent viral infections that may trigger this disease.

In cattle, hernias are a common condition that can affect both calves and adult animals. There are several types of hernias in cattle, each with its distinctive characteristics. The most common types are described below:

1. Umbilical hernia: This is one of the most common hernias in calves. It occurs when the umbilical ring does not close properly after birth. As a result, a sac forms in the navel area that may contain fatty tissue or even part of the intestine. Umbilical hernias are usually visible near the belly button and can vary in size.

2. Inguinal hernia: These hernias are located in the animal’s groin and are more common in non-neutered males. They may contain a portion of the small intestine and, in more severe cases, the large intestine. Inguinal hernia is a condition that must be treated with surgery.

3. Scrotal hernia: Similar to the inguinal hernia, this hernia is located in the scrotum area and may contain intestine. It is often most obvious when the animal is standing.

4. Diaphragmatic hernia: Unlike previous hernias, this one affects the diaphragm, the muscle that separates the thorax from the abdomen. When the diaphragm weakens or ruptures, the abdominal organs can move into the thorax, which can be life-threatening for the animal. This is a serious condition that requires urgent veterinary attention.

5. Abdominal wall hernia: These hernias involve a tear or weakness in the abdominal wall, allowing internal organs to protrude. Abdominal wall hernias can be caused by traumatic injuries or congenital weaknesses in the abdominal muscles.

6. Pararectal hernia: They are less common and occur in the pelvic region. They may contain fatty tissue or even the animal’s rectum.

Treatment of hernias in cattle generally involves surgery to reposition and secure the herniated organs and repair the abdominal wall or diaphragm, as necessary. Prevention is essential, and farmers must be diligent in handling and caring for calves to reduce the risk of umbilical hernias. Additionally, early castration can prevent inguinal and scrotal hernias in males.